Glossary of Classical Terms

This is a list of musical terms that are likely to be encountered in printed scores, music reviews, and program notes. Most of the terms are Italian, in accordance with the Italian origins of many European musical conventions. Sometimes, the special musical meanings of these phrases differ from the original or current Italian meanings. Most of the other terms are taken from French and German, indicated by "(Fr)" and "(Ger)", respectively. Others are from languages such as Latin and Spanish.

Unless specified, the terms are Italian or English. The list can never be complete: some terms are common, and others are used only occasionally, and new ones are coined from time to time. Some composers prefer terms from their own language rather than the standard terms here. For a list of terms used in jazz, country, rock, and other popular music genres, see the Glossary of popular terms.

A

 * a, à (Fr): at, to, by, for, in, in the style of
 * a 2: see a due in this list
 * a battuta: return to normal tempo after a deviation; same as 'a tempo'
 * abbandonatamente, con abbandono: free, relaxed
 * aber (Ger): but
 * a bene placito: up to the performer
 * a cappella: in the manner of singing in a chapel; i.e., without instrumental accompaniment
 * accarezzévole: expressive and caressing
 * accelerando, accel.: accelerating; gradually increasing the tempo
 * accent: emphasize.
 * accentato/accentuato: accented; with emphasis
 * acceso: ignited, on fire
 * acciaccatura: crushing; i.e., a very fast grace note that is "crushed" against the note that follows and takes up no value in the measure
 * accompagnato: accompanied; i.e., with the accompaniment following the soloist, who may speed up or slow down at will
 * adagietto: rather slow
 * adagio: at ease; i.e., play slowly
 * adagissimo: very, very slow
 * ad libitum (commonly ad lib; Latin): at liberty; i.e., the speed and manner of execution are left to the performer
 * a due: intended as a duet; for two voices or instruments; together; two instruments are to play in unison after a solo passage for one of the instruments
 * affannato, affannoso: anguished
 * affettuoso, affettuosamente, or affectueusement (Fr): with affect (that is, with emotion); see also con affetto
 * affrettando: hurrying, pressing onwards
 * agile: swiftly
 * agitato: agitated
 * al, alla: to the, in the manner of (al before masculine nouns, alla before feminine)
 * alla breve: in cut-time; two beats per measure or the equivalent thereof
 * alla marcia: in the style of a march
 * allargando: broadening, becoming a little slower each time
 * allegretto: a little lively, moderately fast
 * allegretto vivace: a moderately quick tempo
 * allegrezza: cheerfulness, joyfulness
 * allegro: cheerful or brisk; but commonly interpreted as lively, fast
 * allegrissimo: very fast, though slower than presto
 * all' ottava: "at the octave", see ottava
 * als (Ger): than
 * alt (English) (also alt dom or altered dominant): a jazz term which instructs chord-playing musicians such as a jazz pianist or jazz guitarist to perform a dominant (V7) chord with altered upper extensions (e.g., sharp 11th, flat 13th, etc.).
 * altissimo: very high
 * alto: high; often refers to a particular range of voice, higher than a tenor but lower than a soprano
 * alzate sordini: lift or raise the mutes; i.e., remove mutes
 * am Steg (Ger): at the bridge; i.e., playing a bowed string instrument near its bridge, which produces a heavier, stronger tone (see sul ponticello in this list)
 * amabile: amiable, pleasant
 * amoroso: loving
 * anacrusis: a note or notes that precede the first full bar; a pickup
 * andamento: used to refer to a fugue subject of above-average length
 * andante: at a walking pace; i.e., at a moderate tempo
 * andantino: slightly faster than andante (but earlier it is sometimes used to mean slightly slower than andante)
 * ängstlich (Ger.): anxiously
 * a niente: to nothing; an indication to make a diminuendo which fades to pppp
 * a nessuna cosa: to nothing; an indication to hold a fermata until it dies away (this only works with instruments which cannot sustain a note)
 * anima: feeling
 * animandosi: animated, lively
 * animato: animated, lively
 * antiphon: a liturgical or other composition consisting of choral responses, sometimes between two choirs; a passage of this nature forming part of another composition; a repeated passage in a psalm or other liturgical piece, similar to a refrain.
 * apaisé (Fr): calmed
 * a piacere: at pleasure; i.e., the performer need not follow the rhythm strictly, for example in a cadenza
 * appassionato: passionately
 * appoggiatura also called a "leaning note": one or more grace notes that take up some note value of the next full note.
 * a prima vista: Sight-read (lit. "at first sight"); i.e., (to be) played or sung from written notation but without prior review of the written material
 * arco: the bow used for playing some string instrument; i.e., played with the bow, as opposed to pizzicato (plucked), in music for bowed instruments; normally used to cancel a pizzicato direction
 * arietta: a short aria
 * arioso: airy, or like an air (a melody); i.e., in the manner of an aria; melodious
 * armonioso: harmoniously
 * arpeggio: like a harp; i.e., the notes of the chords are to be played quickly one after another (usually ascending) instead of simultaneously. In music for piano, this is sometimes a solution in playing a wide-ranging chord whose notes cannot be played otherwise. Arpeggios are frequently used as an accompaniment. See also broken chord in this list.
 * arpeggiato: a way of playing a chord: starting with the lowest note, and with successively higher notes rapidly joining in. Sometimes the effect is reversed, so that the highest note is played first.
 * assai: very
 * assez (Fr): enough, sufficiently
 * a tempo: in time; i.e., the performer should return to the main tempo of the piece (after an accelerando or ritardando, etc.); also may be found in combination with other terms such as a tempo giusto (in strict time) or a tempo di menuetto (at the speed of a minuet)
 * attacca: attack or attach; go straight on; i.e., at the end of a movement, a direction to attach the next movement to the previous one, without a gap or pause
 * Ausdruck (Ger): expression
 * ausdrucksvoll/mit Ausdruck(Ger): expressively, with expression
 * avec (Fr): with or with another

B

 * B: German for B flat ; H in German is B natural
 * barbaro: barbarous
 * Bartók pizzicato: a term which instructs string performers to play a pizzicato note to pull the string away from the fingerboard so that it snaps back percussively on the fingerboard.
 * bass: the lowest of the standard four voice ranges (bass, tenor, alto, soprano); the lowest melodic line in a musical composition, often thought of as defining and supporting the harmony; in an orchestral context, the term usually refers to the double bass.
 * basso continuo: continuous bass; i.e., a bass part played continuously throughout a piece to give harmonic structure, used especially in the Baroque period
 * battement (Fr.): used in the 17th-century to refer to ornaments consisting of two adjacent notes, such as trills or mordents
 * beat: (1) the pronounced rhythm of music; (2) one single stroke of a rhythmic accent
 * bellicoso: warlike, aggressive
 * ben or bene: well; in ben marcato ("well marked") for example
 * bend: jazz term referring either to establishing a pitch, sliding down half a step and returning to the original pitch or sliding up half a step from the original note.
 * beschleunigte (Ger): accelerated, as in mit beschleunigter Geschwindigkeit, at an accelerated tempo
 * bewegt (Ger): moved, with speed
 * binary: a musical form in two sections: AB
 * bird's eye: a slang term for fermata, which instructs the performer to hold a note or chord as long as they wish
 * bis (Lat): twice; i.e., repeat the relevant action or passage
 * bisbigliando: whispering; i.e., a special tremolo effect on the harp where a chord or note is rapidly repeated at a low volume
 * bocca chiusa: with closed mouth
 * bravura: boldness; as in con bravura, boldly
 * breit (Ger): broad
 * bridge: Transitional passage connecting two sections of a composition, also transition. Also the part of a stringed instrument that holds the strings in place and transmits their vibrations to the resonant body of the instrument.
 * brillante: brilliantly, with sparkle
 * brio: vigour; usually in con brio
 * brioso: vigorously (same as con brio)
 * broken chord: A chord in which the notes are not all played at once, but in some more or less consistent sequence. They may follow singly one after the other, or two notes may be immediately followed by another two, for example. See also arpeggio in this list, which as an accompaniment pattern may be seen as a kind of broken chord; see Alberti bass.
 * bruscamente: brusquely

C

 * cadenza: a solo section, usually in a concerto or similar work, that is used to display the performer's technique, sometimes at considerable length
 * calando: falling away, or lowering; i.e., getting slower and quieter; ritardando along with diminuendo
 * calore: warmth; so con calore, warmly
 * cambiare: to change; i.e., any change, such as to a new instrument
 * canto:chorus; choral; chant
 * canon or kanon (Ger): a theme that is repeated and imitated and built upon by other instruments with a time delay, creating a layered effect; see Pachelbel's Canon.
 * cantabile or cantando: in a singing style
 * capo:
 * Capo: a key-changing device for guitars and banjos;
 * head; i.e. the beginning (of a movement, normally).
 * capriccioso: capriciously, unpredictable, volatile
 * cédez (Fr): yield, give way
 * cesura or caesura (Latin form): break, stop; i.e., a complete break in sound (sometimes nicknamed "railroad tracks" in reference to their appearance)
 * chiuso: closed; i.e., muted by hand (for a horn, or similar instrument; but see also bocca chiusa, which uses the feminine form, in this list)
 * coda: a tail; i.e., a closing section appended to a movement
 * codetta: a small coda, but usually applied to a passage appended to a section of a movement, not to a whole movement
 * col, colla: with the (col before a masculine noun, colla before a feminine noun); (see next for example)
 * colla parte: with the soloist; as an instruction in an orchestral score or part, it instructs the conductor or orchestral musician to follow the rhythm and tempo of a solo performer (usually for a short passage)
 * colla voce: with the voice; as an instruction in a choral music/opera score or orchestral part, it instructs the conductor or orchestral musician to follow the rhythm and tempo of a solo singer (usually for a short passage)
 * col legno: with the wood; i.e., the strings (for example, of a violin) are to be struck with the wood of the bow, making a percussive sound; also battuta col legno: beaten with the wood
 * coloratura: coloration; i.e., elaborate ornamentation of a vocal line, or (especially) a soprano voice that is well-suited to such elaboration
 * colossale: tremendously
 * col pugno: with the fist; i.e., bang the piano with the fist
 * come prima: like the first (time); i.e., as before, typically referring to an earlier tempo
 * come sopra: as above; i.e., like the previous tempo (usually)
 * common time: the time signature 4/4: four beats per measure, each beat a quarter note (a crotchet) in length. 4/4 is often written on the musical staff as C. The symbol is not a C as an abbreviation for common time, but a broken circle; the full circle at one time stood for triple time, 3/4.
 * comodo (or, commonly but less correctly, commodo): comfortable; i.e., at moderate speed; also, allegro comodo, tempo comodo, etc.
 * con: with; used in very many musical directions, for example con allegrezza (with liveliness), con amore (with tenderness); (see also col, colla, above)
 * con affetto: with affect (that is, with emotion)
 * con amore, or (in Spanish and sometimes in Italian) con amor: with love, tenderly
 * con anima: with feeling
 * con brio: with spirit, with vigour
 * con dolore: with sadness
 * con forza: with force
 * con (gran, molto) espressione: with (great, much) expression
 * con fuoco: with fire, in a fiery manner
 * con larghezza: with broadness; broadly
 * con moto: with motion
 * con somma passione: with great passion
 * con slancio: with enthusiasm
 * con spirito: with spirit; with feeling
 * con sordina, or con sordine (plural): with a mute, or with mutes; several orchestral instruments can have their tone muted with wood, rubber, metal, or plastic devices (for string instruments, mutes are clipped to the bridge, and for brass instruments, mutes are inserted in the bell); compare senza sordina in this list (which instructs the musicians to remove their mutes); see also Sordino. Note: sordina, with plural sordine, is strictly correct Italian, but the forms con sordino and con sordini are much more commonly used as terms in music.
 * con sordino, or con sordini (plural) (incorrect Italian): see con sordina, above
 * con variazioni: with variations/changes
 * conjunct: an adjective applied to a melodic line that moves by step (intervals of a 2nd) rather in disjunct motion (by leap).
 * contralto:
 * contrapuntalism: see counterpoint
 * coperti (plural of coperto, which may also be seen): covered; i.e., on a drum, muted with a cloth
 * crescendo: growing; i.e., progressively louder (contrast diminuendo)
 * cuivré: brassy. Used almost exclusively as a French Horn technique to indicate a forced, rough tone. A note marked both stopped and loud will be cuivré automatically.
 * cut time: Same as the meter 2/2: two half-note (minim) beats per measure. Notated and executed like common time (4/4), except with the beat lengths doubled. This comes from a literal cut of the symbol of common time. Thus, a quarter note in cut time is only half a beat long, and a measure has only two beats. See also alla breve.

D

 * da capo: from the head; i.e., from the beginning (see capo in this list)
 * D.S.: Dal Segno, from the sign.
 * D.S. al fine or dal segno al fine: from the sign to the end; i.e., return to a place in the music designated by the sign and continue to the end of the piece
 * D.S.S. al coda or dal segno al coda: same as D.S. al coda, but with a double segno
 * D.S.S. al fine or dal segno al fine: from the double sign to the end; i.e., return to place in the music designated by the double sign (see D.S. al coda) and continue to the end of the piece
 * deciso: decisively
 * decelerando: slowing down; decelerating; opposite of accelerando (same as ritardando or rallentando)
 * decrescendo or decresc.: same as diminuendo or dim. (see below)
 * deest: from the Latin deesse meaning absent; placed after a Opus Number abbreviation to indicate that this particular work does not appear in it. The plural,desunt is used when referring to several works.
 * delicatamente or delicato: delicately
 * detaché: act of playing notes separately
 * devoto: religiously
 * diminuendo, dim.: dwindling; i.e., with gradually decreasing volume (same as decrescendo)
 * disjunct: an adjective applied to a melodic line which moves by leap (intervals of more than a 2nd) as opposed to conjunct motion (by step)
 * dissonante: dissonant
 * divisi or div.: divided; i.e., in a part in which several musicians normally play exactly the same notes they are instead to split the playing of the written simultaneous notes among themselves. It is most often used for string instruments, since with them another means of execution is often possible. (The return from divisi is marked unisono.)
 * doit: jazz term referring to a note that slides to an indefinite pitch chromatically upwards.
 * dolce: sweetly
 * dolcissimo: very sweetly
 * dolente: sorrowfully, plaintively
 * dolore: pain, distress, sorow, grief
 * doloroso: sorrowfully, plaintively
 * doppio movimento: twice as fast
 * double stop: the act of playing two notes simultaneously on a melodic percussion instrument or string instrument.
 * downtempo: a slow, moody, or decreased tempo or played or done in such a tempo. It also refers to a genre of electronic music based on this (downtempo).
 * drammatico: dramatically
 * drop: jazz term referring to a note that slides to an indefinite pitch chromatically downwards.
 * Dur (Ger): major; used in key signatures as, for example, A-Dur (A major), B-Dur (B-flat major), or H-Dur (B major). (See also Moll (minor) in this list.)
 * duolo: (Ital) grief
 * dynamics: the relative volume in the execution of a piece of music

E

 * e (Ital), or ed (Ital - used before vowels): and
 * eco: the Italian word for "echo"; an effect in which a group of notes is repeated, usually more softly, and perhaps at a different octave, to create an echo effect
 * ein wenig (Ger): a little
 * Empfindung (Ger): feeling
 * encore (Fr): again; i.e., perform the relevant passage once more
 * en dehors (Fr): prominently
 * energico: energetic, strong
 * enfatico: emphatically
 * en pressant (Fr): hurrying forward
 * en retenant (Fr): slowing
 * eroico: heroically
 * espansivo: effusive; excessive in emotional expression; gushy.
 * espirando: expiring; i.e., dying away
 * espressione: expressively
 * espressivo or espr.: expressively
 * estinto: extinct, extinguished; i.e., as soft as possible, lifeless, barely audible
 * etwas (Ger): somewhat

F

 * facile: easily, without fuss
 * fall: jazz term describing a note of definite pitch sliding downwards to another note of definite pitch.
 * falsetto: vocal register above the normal voice
 * fermata: finished, closed; i.e., a rest or note is to be held for a duration that is at the discretion of the performer or conductor (sometimes called bird's eye); a fermata at the end of a first or intermediate movement or section is usually moderately prolonged, but the final fermata of a symphony may be prolonged for twice its printed length or more for dramatic effect.
 * feroce: ferociously
 * feurig (Ger): fiery
 * festivamente: cheerfully, celebratory
 * fieramente: proudly
 * fill (English): a jazz or rock term which instructs performers to improvise a scalar passage or riff to "fill in" the brief time between lyrical phrases, the lines of melody, or between two sections
 * fine: the end, often in phrases like al fine (to the end)
 * flat: a symbol that lowers the pitch of a note by a semitone. The term may also be used as an adjective to describe a situation where a singer or musician is performing a note in which the intonation is an eighth or a quarter of a semitone too low.
 * flautando (may also appear as flautendo): flutelike; used especially for string instruments to indicate a light, rapid bowing over the fingerboard
 * flebile: mournfully
 * focoso or fuocoso: fiery; i.e., passionately
 * forte or f (usually): strong; i.e., to be played or sung loudly
 * fortepiano or fp (usually): strong-gentle; i.e., 1. loud, then immediately soft (see dynamics), or 2. an early pianoforte
 * fortissimo or ff: very loud (see note at pianissimo in this list)
 * fortississimo or fff: as loud as possible
 * forza : musical force
 * forzando or fz: see sforzando in this list
 * freddo: cold(ly); hence depressive, unemotional
 * fresco: freshly
 * fröhlich: lively, joyfully
 * fugue (Fr), fuga (Latin and Italian): literally "flight"; hence a complex and highly regimented contrapuntal form in music. A short theme (the subject) is introduced in one voice (or part) alone, then in others, with imitation and characteristic development as the piece progresses.
 * funebre: funeral; often seen as marcia funebre (funeral march), indicating a stately and plodding tempo.
 * fuoco: fire; con fuoco means with fire
 * furia: fury
 * furioso: furiously

G

 * G.P.: Grand Pause, General Pause; indicates to the performers that the entire ensemble has a rest of indeterminate length, often as a dramatic effect during a loud section
 * gaudioso: with joy
 * gemendo: groaningly
 * gentile: gently
 * geschwind (Ger): quickly
 * geteilt (Ger): See divisi
 * getragen (Ger): sustained
 * giocoso or gioioso: gaily
 * giusto: strictly, exactly, e.g. tempo giusto in strict time
 * glissando (simulated Italian): a continuous sliding from one pitch to another (a true glissando), or an incidental scale executed while moving from one melodic note to another (an effective glissando). See glissando for further information; and compare portamento in this list.
 * grandioso: grandly
 * grave: slowly and seriously
 * grazioso: gracefully
 * gustoso: with happy emphasis and forcefulness

H

 * H: German for B natural; B in German means B flat
 * Hauptstimme (Ger): main voice, chief part; i.e., the contrapuntal line of primary importance, in opposition to Nebenstimme
 * hemiola (English, from Greek): the imposition of a pattern of rhythm or articulation other than that implied by the time signature; specifically, in triple time (for example in 3/4) the imposition of a duple pattern (as if the time signature were, for example, 2/4). See Syncopation.
 * hervortretend (Ger): prominent, pronounced
 * Homophony: A musical texture with one voice (or melody line) accompanied by chords; also used as an adjective (homophonic). Compare with polyphony, in which several voices or melody lines are performed at the same time.

I

 * immer (Ger): always
 * imperioso: imperiously
 * impetuoso: impetuously
 * improvvisando: with improvisation
 * improvvisato: improvised, or as if improvised
 * in altissimo: in the highest; i.e., play or sing an octave higher
 * incalzando: getting faster and louder
 * innig: intimately, heartfelt
 * insistendo: insistently, deliberate
 * in modo di: in the art of, in the style of
 * intimo: intimately
 * intro: opening section
 * irato: angrily
 * -issimo: a suffix meaning 'extremely', e.g. fortissimo or prestissimo
 * -issimamente: a suffix meaning 'as...as can be', e.g. leggerissimamente, meaning 'as light as can be'

J

 * Jazz standard (or simply "standard"): a well-known composition from the jazz repertoire which is widely played and recorded.

K

 * keyboardist (Eng) : a musician who plays any instrument with a keyboard. In Classical music, this may refer to instruments such as the piano, pipe organ, harpsichord, and so on. In a jazz or popular music context, this may refer to instruments such as the piano, electric piano, synthesizer, Hammond organ, and so on.
 * kräftig (Ger): strongly
 * Klangfarbenmelodie (Ger): "tone-color-melody", distribution of pitch or melody among instruments, varying timbre

L

 * lacrimoso: tearfully; i.e., sadly
 * laissez vibrer, l.v. (Fr): allow the sound to continue, do not damp; used frequently in harp music, occasionally in piano or percussion. For percussion & electric guitar, "let ring" is more common.
 * lamentando: lamenting, mournfully
 * lamentoso: lamenting, mournfully
 * langsam (Ger): slowly
 * largamente: broadly; i.e., slowly (same as largo)
 * larghetto: somewhat slowly; not as slow as largo
 * larghissimo: very slowly; slower than largo
 * largo: broadly; i.e., slowly
 * leap (skip): a melodic interval greater than a major 2nd, as opposed to a step. Melodies which move by a leap are called "disjunct". Octave leaps are not uncommon in florid vocal music.
 * lebhaft (Ger): briskly, lively
 * legato: joined; i.e., smoothly, in a connected manner (see also articulation)
 * leggiero, leggiermente or leggiadro: lightly, delicately (The different forms of this word, including leggierezza, "lightness", are properly spelled in Italian as legger- without the i.)
 * leggierissimo: very lightly and delicately
 * lent (Fr): slowly
 * lentando: gradual slowing and softer
 * lentissimo: very slowly
 * lento: slowly
 * liberamente: freely
 * libero: free, freely
 * lilt: a jaunty rhythm
 * l'istesso: see lo stesso, below
 * loco: [in] place; i.e., perform the notes at the pitch written, generally used to cancel an 8va or 8vb direction. In string music, also used to indicate return to normal playing position (see Playing the violin).
 * long accent Hit hard and keep full value of note (>)
 * lontano: from a distance; distantly
 * lo stesso (or commonly, but ungrammatically, l'istesso): the same; applied to the manner of articulation, tempo, etc.
 * lo stesso tempo (or l'istesso tempo): the same tempo, despite changes of time signature
 * lugubre: lugubrious, mournful
 * luminoso: luminously
 * lunga: long (often applied to a fermata)
 * lusingando: coaxingly

M

 * ma: but
 * ma non troppo: but not too much
 * maestoso: majestically, in a stately fashion
 * magico: magically
 * maggiore: the major key
 * magnifico: magnificent
 * main droite (French): [played with the] right hand (abbreviation: MD or m.d.)
 * main gauche (French): [played with the] left hand (abbreviation: MG or m.g.)
 * malinconico: melancholic
 * mancando: dying away
 * mano destra: [played with the] right hand (abbreviation: MD or m.d.)
 * mano sinistra: [played with the] left hand (abbreviation: MS or m.s.)
 * marcatissimo: with much accentuation
 * marcato, marc.: marked; i.e., with accentuation, execute every note as if it were to be accented
 * marcia: a march; alla marcia means in the manner of a march
 * martellato: hammered out
 * marziale: martial, solemn and fierce
 * mässig (German): moderately (also: mäßig)
 * MD: see mano destra and main droite
 * melancolico: melancholic
 * melisma: the technique of changing the note (pitch) of a syllable of text while it is being sung
 * measure (US): also "bar" the period of a musical piece that encompasses a complete cycle of the time signature, e.g., in 4/4 time, a measure has four quarter note beats
 * medesimo tempo: same tempo, despite changes of time signature
 * medley: piece composed from parts of existing pieces, usually three, played one after another, sometimes overlapping.
 * meno: less; see meno mosso, for example, less mosso
 * messa di voce: in singing, a controlled swell, i.e. crescendo then diminuendo, on a long held note, especially in Baroque music and in the bel canto period.
 * mesto: mournful, sad
 * meter (or metre): the pattern of a music piece's rhythm of strong and weak beats
 * mezza voce: half voice; i.e., with subdued or moderated volume
 * mezzo: half; used in combinations like mezzo forte (mf), meaning moderately loud
 * mezzo forte: half loudly; i.e., moderately loudly. See dynamics.
 * mezzo piano: half softly; i.e., moderately softly. See dynamics.
 * mezzo-soprano: a female singer with a range usually extending from the A below middle C to the F an eleventh above middle C. Mezzo-sopranos generally have a darker vocal tone than sopranos, and their vocal range is between that of a soprano and that of an contralto.
 * MG: see main gauche
 * misterioso: mysteriously
 * mobile: flexible, changeable
 * moderato: moderate; often combined with other terms, usually relating to tempo; for example, allegro moderato
 * modere (Fr): moderately
 * modesto: modest
 * modulation is most commonly the act or process of changing from one key (tonic, or tonal center) to another. This may or may not be accompanied by a change in key signature.
 * Moll (German): minor; used in key signatures as, for example, a-Moll (A minor), b-Moll (B-flat minor), or h-Moll (B minor) (see also Dur (major) in this list)
 * molto: very
 * morendo: dying; i.e., dying away in dynamics, and perhaps also in tempo
 * mosso: moved, moving; used with a preceding più or meno (see in this list), for faster or slower respectively
 * MS: see mano sinistra
 * moto: motion; usually seen as con moto, meaning with motion or quickly
 * movement]]: a section of a musical composition (such as a sonata or concerto)
 * munter (German): lively
 * muta [in...]: Change: either a change of instrument, e.g. flute to piccolo, horn in F to horn in Bb; or a change of tuning, e.g. guitar muta 6 in D. Note: does not mean "mute", for which con sordina or con sordino is used. Muta comes from the Italian verb mutare (to change into something).

N

 * narrante: narratingly
 * natural: a symbol that cancels the effect of a sharp or a flat (see in this list)
 * naturale or nat.: natural; i.e., discontinue a special effect, such as col legno, sul tasto, sul ponticello, or playing in harmonics
 * N.C.: no chord, written in the chord row of music notation to show there is no chord being played, and no implied harmony
 * Nebenstimme (Ger): secondary part; i.e., a secondary contrapuntal part, always occurring simultaneously with, and subsidiary to, the Hauptstimme
 * nicht (Ger): not
 * niente: "nothing", barely audible, dying away
 * nobile or nobilmente: in a noble fashion
 * nocturne (Fr): a piece written for the night
 * notes inégales (Fr): unequal notes; a principally Baroque performance practice of applying long-short rhythms to pairs of notes written as equal; see also swung note
 * notturno: same as nocturne (see above)
 * number opera: an opera consisting of "numbers," e.g. arias, intermixed with recitative

O

 * obbligato: required, indispensable
 * octave: interval between one musical pitch and another with half or double its frequency. 12 semitones equals an octave, so does the first and eighth (hence "oct"ave) note in a major or minor scale.
 * omaggio: homage, celebration
 * one-voice-per-part, or OVPP: the practice of using solo voices on each musical line or part in choral music.
 * organ trio: in jazz or rock, a group of three musicians which includes a Hammond organ player and two other instruments, often an electric guitar player and a drummer.
 * ossia or oppure: or instead; i.e., according to some specified alternative way of performing a passage, which is marked with a footnote, additional small notes, or an additional staff
 * ostinato: obstinate, persistent; i.e., a short musical pattern that is repeated throughout an entire composition or portion of a composition
 * ottava: octave; e.g. ottava bassa: an octave lower

P

 * parlando or parlante: like speech, enunciated
 * Partitur (Ger): full orchestral score
 * passionato: passionately
 * pastorale: in a pastoral style, peaceful and simple
 * pausa: rest
 * pedale or ped: In piano scores, this instructs the player to press the damper pedal to sustain the note or chord being played. The player may be instructed to release the pedal with an asterisk marking (*). In organ scores, it tells the organist that a section is to be performed on the bass pedalboard with the feet.
 * penseroso: thoughtfully, meditatively
 * perdendosi: dying away; decrease in dynamics, perhaps also in tempo
 * pesante: heavy, ponderous
 * peu à peu (Fr): little by little
 * pezzo: a composition
 * pianissimo or pp: very gently; i.e., perform very softly, even softer than piano. This convention can be extended; the more ps that are written, the softer the composer wants the musician to play or sing, thus ppp (pianississimo) would be softer than pp. Dynamics in a piece should be interpreted relative to the other dynamics in the same piece. For example, pp should be executed as softly as possible, but if ppp is found later in the piece, pp should be markedly louder than ppp. More than three ps (ppp) or three fs (fff) are uncommon.
 * piano or p (usually): gently; i.e., played or sung softly (see dynamics)
 * piano-vocal score: the same as a vocal score, a piano arrangement along with the vocal parts of an opera, cantata, or similar
 * piacevole: pleasant, agreeable
 * piangevole: plaintive
 * pietoso: pitiful, piteous
 * più: more; see mosso for an example
 * piuttosto: rather, somewhat; e.g. allegro piuttosto presto
 * pizzicato: pinched, plucked; i.e., in music for bowed strings, plucked with the fingers as opposed to played with the bow; compare arco (in this list), which is inserted to cancel a pizzicato instruction
 * pochettino or poch.: very little
 * poco: a little, as in poco più allegro (a little faster)
 * poco a poco: little by little
 * poetico: poetic discourse
 * poi: then, indicating a subsequent instruction in a sequence; diminuendo poi subito fortissimo, for example: getting softer then suddenly very loud
 * pomposo: pompous, ceremonious
 * portamento: carrying; i.e., 1. generally, sliding in pitch from one note to another, usually pausing just above or below the final pitch, then sliding quickly to that pitch. If no pause is executed, then it is a basic glissando; or 2. in piano music, an articulation between legato and staccato, like portato, in this list
 * portato or loure: carried; i.e., non-legato, but not as detached as staccato (same as portamento, in this list)
 * posato: settled
 * potpourri or pot-pourri (Fr): potpourri (as used in other senses in English); i.e., a kind of musical form structured as ABCDEF... etc.; the same as medley or, sometimes, fantasia
 * precipitato: precipitately
 * prelude or prélude (Fr): a musical introduction to subsequent movements during the Baroque era (1600's/17th century). It can also be a movement in its own right, which was more common in the Romantic era (mid 1700s/18th century)
 * prestissimo: extremely quickly, as fast as possible
 * presto: very quickly
 * prima volta: the first time; for example prima volta senza accompagnamento (the first time without accompaniment)
 * primo or prima (the feminine form): first

Q

 * quarter tone: Half of a semitone; a pitch division not used in most Western music notation, except in some contemporary art music or experimental music. Quarter tones are used in Western popular music forms such as jazz and blues and in a variety of non-Western musical cultures.
 * quasi (Latin and Italian): as if, almost, e.g. quasi recitativo like a recitative in an opera, or quasi una fantasia like a fantasia

R

 * rallentando or rall.: Broadening of the tempo (often not discernible from ritardando); progressively slower
 * rapido: fast
 * rapide (Fr): fast
 * rasch (Ger): fast
 * ravvivando: quicken pace
 * recitativo: recitatively; one voice without accompaniment
 * religioso: religiously
 * repente: suddenly
 * restez (Fr): stay; i.e., remain on a note or string
 * retenu (Fr): hold back; same as the Italian ritenuto (see below)
 * ridicolosamente: humorously, inaccurate, and loosely
 * rinforzando (rf, or rinf.): reinforced; i.e., emphasized; sometimes like a sudden crescendo, but often applied to a single note
 * risoluto: resolutely
 * rit.: an abbreviation for ritardando; also an abbreviation for ritenuto
 * ritardando, ritard., rit.: slowing down; decelerating; opposite of accelerando
 * ritenuto, riten., rit.: suddenly slower, held back (usually more so but more temporarily than a ritardando, and it may, unlike ritardando, apply to a single note)
 * ritmico: rhythmical
 * ritmo: rhythm, e.g. ritmo di # battute meaning a rhythm of # measures
 * ritornello : a recurring passage for orchestra in the first or final movement of a solo concerto or aria (also in works for chorus).
 * rolled chord: see arpeggiato in this list
 * roulade (Fr): a rolling; i.e., a florid vocal phrase
 * rondo: a musical form in which a certain section returns repeatedly, interspersed with other sections: ABACA is a typical structure or ABACABA
 * rubato: robbed; i.e., flexible in tempo, applied to notes within a musical phrase for expressive effect
 * ruhig (Ger): peaceful
 * run: a rapid series of ascending or descending musical notes which are closely spaced in pitch forming a scale
 * ruvido: roughly

S

 * saltando: bouncing the bow as in a staccato arpeggio, literally means "jumping"
 * sanft (Ger): gently
 * scatenato: unchained, wildly
 * scherzando, scherzoso: playfully
 * scherzo: a light, "joking" or playful musical form, originally and usually in fast triple metre, often replacing the minuet in the later Classical period and the Romantic period, in symphonies, sonatas, string quartets and the like; in the 19th century some scherzi were independent movements for piano, etc.
 * schleppen (Ger): to drag; usually nicht schleppen ("don't drag"), paired with nicht eilen ("don't hurry") in Gustav Mahler's scores
 * schnell (Ger): fast
 * schneller (Ger): faster
 * schwungvoll (Ger): lively, swinging, bold, spirited
 * scordatura: out of tune; i.e., an alternative tuning used for the strings of a string instrument
 * secco, or sec (Fr): dry
 * segno: sign, usually Dal Segno (see above) "from the sign", indicating a return to the point marked.
 * segue: carry on to the next section without a pause
 * sehr (Ger): very
 * semitone: the smallest pitch difference between notes (in most Western music) (e.g., F–F#)
 * semplice: simply
 * sempre: always
 * senza: without
 * senza misura: without measure
 * senza sordina, or senza sordine (plural): without the mute; compare con sordina in this list; see also Sordino. Note: sordina, with plural sordine, is strictly correct Italian, but the forms con sordino and con sordini are much more commonly used as terms in music. In piano music (notably in Beethoven's Moonlight Sonata), senza sordini or senza sordina (or some variant) is sometimes used to mean keep the sustain pedal depressed, since the sustain pedal lifts the dampers off the strings, with the effect that all notes are sustained indefinitely.
 * serioso: seriously
 * sforzando or sfz: made loud; i.e., a sudden strong accent
 * shake: a jazz term describing a trill between one note and its minor third; or, with brass instruments, between a note and its next overblown harmonic.
 * sharp: a symbol that raises the pitch of the note by a semitone. The term may also be used as an adjective to describe a situation where a singer or musician is performing a note in which the intonation is an eighth or a quarter of a semitone too high in pitch.
 * short accent: Hit the note hard and short . (^)
 * si (Fr): seventh note of the series ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si, in fixed-doh solmization.
 * siciliana: a Sicilian dance in 12/8 or 6/8 meter
 * sign: see segno
 * silenzio: silence; i.e., without reverberations
 * simile: similarly; i.e., continue applying the preceding directive, whatever it was, to the following passage
 * sipario: curtain (stage)
 * slargando or slentando: becoming broader or slower (that is, becoming more largo or more lento)
 * smorzando or smorz.: extinguishing or dampening; usually interpreted as a drop in dynamics, and very often in tempo as well
 * soave: smoothly, gently
 * sopra: above
 * sognando: dreamily
 * solo break: a jazz term that instructs a lead player or rhythm section member to play an improvised solo cadenza for one or two measures (sometimes abbreviated as "break"), without any accompaniment. The solo part is often played in a rhythmically free manner, until the player performs a pickup or lead-in line, at which time the band recommences playing in the original tempo.
 * solenne: solemn
 * solo, plural soli: alone; i.e., executed by a single instrument or voice. The instruction soli requires more than one player or singer; in a jazz big band this refers to an entire section playing in harmony.
 * sonata: a piece played as opposed to sung.
 * sonatina: a little sonata
 * sonatine: a little sonata, used in some countries instead of sonatina
 * sonore: sonorous
 * sonoro: ringing
 * soprano: the highest of the standard four voice ranges (bass, tenor, alto, soprano)
 * sordina, sordine (plural): a mute, or a damper in the case of the piano. Note: sordina, with plural sordine, is strictly correct Italian, but the forms sordino and sordini are much more commonly used as terms in music. See also con sordina, senza sordina, in this list.
 * sordino: see sordina, above
 * sortita: a principal singer's first entrance in an opera
 * sospirando: sighing
 * sostenuto: sustained, lengthened
 * sotto voce: in an undertone i.e. quietly
 * spianato: smooth, even
 * spiccato: distinct, separated; i.e., a way of playing the violin and other bowed instruments by bouncing the bow on the string, giving a characteristic staccato effect
 * spinto: literally "pushed"
 * spiritoso: spiritedly
 * staccato: making each note brief and detached; the opposite of legato. In musical notation, a small dot under or over the head of the note indicates that it is to be articulated as staccato.
 * stanza: a verse of a song
 * stornello originally truly 'improvised' now taken as 'appearing to be improvised,' an Italian 'folk' song, the style of which used for example by Puccini in certain of his operas.
 * strascinando or strascicante: indicating a passage should be played in a heavily slurred manner
 * strepitoso: noisy, forceful
 * stretto: tight, narrow; i.e., faster or hastening ahead; also, a passage in a fugue in which the contrapuntal texture is denser, with close overlapping entries of the subject in different voices; by extension, similar closely imitative passages in other compositions
 * stringendo: tightening, narrowing; i.e., with a pressing forward or acceleration of the tempo (that is, becoming stretto, see preceding entry)
 * subito: suddenly (e.g., subito pp, which instructs the player to suddenly drop to pianissimo as an effect)
 * sul E: "on E", indicating a passage is to be played on the E string of a violin. Also seen: sul A, sul D, sul G, sul C, indicating a passage to be played on one of the other strings of a string instrument.
 * sul ponticello: on the bridge; i.e., in string playing, an indication to bow (or sometimes to pluck) very near to the bridge, producing a characteristic glassy sound, which emphasizes the higher harmonics at the expense of the fundamental; the opposite of sul tasto
 * sul tasto: on the fingerboard; i.e., in string playing, an indication to bow (or sometimes to pluck) over the fingerboard; the opposite of sul ponticello. Playing over the fingerboard produces a warmer, gentler tone.
 * sur la touche (Fr): sul tasto
 * syncopation: a disturbance or interruption of the regular flow of downbeat rhythm with emphasis on the sub-division or up-beat, e.g. in Ragtime music.

T

 * tacet: silent; do not play
 * tasto solo: 'single key'; used on a continuo part to indicate that the notes should be played without harmony
 * tempo: time; i.e., the overall speed of a piece of music
 * tempo di marcia: march tempo
 * tempo di sturb de neighbors seen in Fats Waller's arrangement of Stardust
 * tempo di valse: waltz tempo
 * tempo giusto: in strict time
 * tempo primo, tempo uno, or tempo I (sometimes also written as tempo I° or tempo 1ero): resume the original speed
 * tempo rubato, means "robbed time"; an expressive way of performing a rhythm; see rubato
 * teneramente: tenderly
 * tenerezza: tenderness
 * tenor: the second lowest of the standard four voice ranges (bass, tenor, alto, soprano)
 * tenuto: held; i.e., touch on a note slightly longer than usual, but without generally altering the note's value
 * ternary: having three parts. In particular, referring to a three-part musical form with the parts represented by letters: ABA
 * tessitura: the 'best' or most comfortable pitch range, generally used to identify the most prominent / common vocal range within a piece of music
 * Tierce de Picardie: see Picardy third
 * timbre: the quality of a musical tone that distinguishes voices and instruments
 * time: in a jazz or rock score, after a rubato or rallentendo section, the term "time" indicates that performers should return to tempo (this is equivalent to the term "a tempo")
 * tosto: rapidly
 * tranquillo: calmly, peacefully
 * tremolo: shaking; i.e., a rapid repetition of the same note, or an alternation between two or more notes (often an octave on the piano). String players perform tremolo with the bow by rapidly moving the bow while the arm is tense. It can also be intended (inaccurately) to refer to vibrato, which is a slight undulation in pitch. It is notated by a strong diagonal bar across the note stem, or a detached bar for a set of notes (or stemless notes).
 * tre corde or tc (or sometimes inaccurately tre corda): three strings; i.e., release the soft pedal of the piano (see una corda)
 * triplet (shown with a horizontal bracket and a '3'): Three notes in the place of two, used to subdivide a beat.
 * tronco, tronca: broken off, truncated
 * troppo: too much; usually seen as non troppo, meaning moderately or, when combined with other terms, not too much, such as allegro [ma] non troppo (fast but not too fast)
 * tutti: all; all together, usually used in an orchestral or choral score when the orchestra or all of the voices come in at the same time, also seen in Baroque-era music where two instruments share the same copy of music, after one instrument has broken off to play a more advanced form: they both play together again at the point marked tutti. See also: ripieno.

U

 * un, uno, or una: one, as for example in the following entries
 * una corda: one string; i.e., in piano music, depress the soft pedal, altering, and reducing the volume of, the sound. In some pianos, this literally results in the hammer striking one string rather than two or three. (For most notes on modern instruments, in fact it results in striking two rather than three strings.) Its counterpart, tre corde (three strings; see in this list), is the opposite: the soft pedal is to be released.
 * un poco: a little
 * unisono or unis (Fr): in unison; i.e., several players in a group are to play exactly the same notes within their written part, as opposed to splitting simultaneous notes among themselves. Often used to mark the return from divisi (see in this list).
 * uptempo: a fast, lively, or increased tempo or played or done in such a tempo. It is also used as an umbrella term for a quick-paced electronic music style.
 * ut (Fr): first note of the series ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si, in fixed-doh solmization.

V

 * vagans: the fifth part in a motet, named so most probably because it had no specific range
 * vamp till cue: a jazz, fusion, and musical theatre term which instructs rhythm section members to repeat and vary a short ostinato passage, riff, or "groove" until the band leader or conductor instructs them to move onto the next section
 * veloce: with velocity
 * velocissimo: as quickly as possible; usually applied to a cadenza-like passage or run
 * vibrato: vibrating; i.e., a more or less rapidly repeated slight alteration in the pitch of a note, used to give a richer sound and as a means of expression. Often confused with tremolo, which refers either to a similar variation in the volume of a note, or to rapid repetition of a single note.
 * via: away, out, off; as in via sordina or sordina via: 'mute off'
 * vif (Fr): quickly, lively
 * vite (Fr): fast
 * vittorioso: victoriously
 * virtuoso: (noun or adjective) performing with exceptional ability, technique, or artistry
 * vivo: lively
 * vivace: very lively, up-tempo
 * vivacissimo: very lively
 * vocal score or piano-vocal score: a music score of an opera, or a vocal or choral composition with orchestra (like oratorio or cantata) where the vocal parts are written out in full but the accompaniment is reduced to two staves and adapted for playing on piano
 * vivamente: quickly and lively
 * voce: voice
 * volante: flying
 * V.S. (volti subito): turn suddenly; i.e., turn the page quickly. While this indication is sometimes added by printers, it is more commonly indicated by orchestral members in pencil as a reminder to quickly turn to the next page.

W

 * wenig (Ger): a little, not much
 * wolno (Polish): loose, slowly; found as a directive in The Elephant from The Carnival of the Animals by Saint-Saëns

Z

 * Zählzeit (Ger): beat
 * zart (Ger): tender
 * Zartheit (Ger): tenderness
 * zärtlich (Ger): tenderly
 * Zeichen (Ger): sign
 * Zeitmaß, also spelled Zeitmass (Ger): time-measure, i.e., tempo
 * zelo, zeloso, zelosamente: zeal, zealous, zealously
 * ziehen (Ger): to draw out
 * ziemlich (Ger): fairly, quite, pretty, or rather
 * zitternd (Ger): trembling; i.e., tremolando
 * zögernd (Ger): doubtful, delaying; i.e., rallentando
 * zurückhalten (Ger): held back